对外经济贸易大学考博法语历年真题及详解

stitute in Oslo.

One idea is to find previous occasions when big environmental changes came (5) social, political and military shifts. Droughts in the Central Asian steppe, for example, led to mass westward migration and the “barbarian” invasions that helped topple the Roman Empire. Hunger and drought led to the collapse of Mayan civilization a millennium ago. Sudden cooling wiped out an early European settlement on Greenland. The Dust B0wl of the 1930s forced over 2m people to migrate within the United States.

Those examples may be relevant in Africa, where in many countries around three-quarters of the population survive by cultivating a few varieties of crops watered directly by rain, the form of farming most vulnerable (6) climate change. Africa has warmed by 0.5℃ on average in the past half century, and may heat by 1.5-4℃ more this century. Heat hits cereal yields (especially maize), perhaps by 10-20% for a 1℃ rise. Rainfall patterns will also shift.

The hardest evidence for a link so far comes from a team led by Marshall Burke of the University of California, which studied African wars from 1980 to 2002 and found that rising temperatures are indeed associated with crop failure, economic decline and a sharp rise in the likelihood of war. It predicted a “50% increase” in the chance of civil war in Africa by 2030.

But that claim is now heavily revised, since researchers redid their sums to take account of the more peaceful period of 2002-08. Others say that political and other factors such as ethnic conflict and outside intervention are far better indicators of the likelihood of fighting.

Take the widely cited case of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis, arising at least (7) part from climate change”. Environmental problems have probably worsened the Darfuris’dreadful plight, offering grist to those who call climate change a “threat multiplier”. Average rainfall in the region fell abruptly (by a third or more) in the early 1970s and Darfur repeatedly suffered droughts. Clashes over grazing and then displacement of villagers were followed, from 2003, by horrific war.

Yet the connection is elusive. Roughly three decades elapsed between the rain stopping and war starting. Many other factors—political, ethnic, demographic and economic—conspired to stoke violence. Those were specific to Darfur, whereas the sharp drop in rainfall hit the whole Sahel, without intensifying conflict elsewhere.

Another commonly cited example is violent competition for scarce grazing between nomadic herdsmen in the Horn of Africa. Yet a study of fighting among pastoralists on the border between Kenya and Somalia in the past 60 years (presented at the conference) showed instead that conflict worsened when grazing was abundant and fell (8) droughts. Hungry people ware too busy staying alive, or too exhausted, to fight. By contrast, when rains made herdsmen's lives easier, they could release surplus young labour for the violent sport of raiding other groups.

Other researchers look at the political or military consequences of phenomena unrelated to weather, such as rapid urbanization, migration or earthquakes. Yet the evidence here too is mixed (9) best. Where natural disasters do show predictable political outcomes, they are very slight. A study of the short-term impact of hurricanes on Haiti and the Dominican Republic from 1850-2007, for example, suggests that the storms have grown more intense (if not more frequent), but their arrival is not associated with morn political violence. Another study showed that natural disasters usually produced shoo-term economic pain but no sign of increased political violence

Earthquakes, too, tend to produce mixed outcomes. A Mexican quake in 1985 may have stoked an insurgency. But the tsunami of 2005 offered a moment for secessionists in Aceh and the central Indonesian government to co-operate. Climate change could indeed cause woes aplenty. That is all the more reason to be precise (10) them.

1. Fill in each blank in the article with an appropriate preposition (介词) (5 points, 0.5 point each)

2. Read the article carefully and explain the meaning of the words according to the context. (5 points, 0.5 point each)

(1) scaremonger (in paragraph 1)

(2) apocalyptic (in paragraph 2)

(3) tout (in paragraph 3)

(4) topple (in paragraph 5)

(5) intervention (in paragraph 8)

(6) elapse (in paragraph 10)

(7) stoke (in paragraph 10)

(8) intensify (in paragraph 10)

(9) grazing (in paragraph 11)

(l0) woe (in paragraph 13)

3. The above article mentioned the widely cited case of the war in Darfur, the western region of Sudan. Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, described it as “an ecological crisis…” Why? Some people call climate change a” threat multiplier'. What does that mean? (5 points)

Part Two Translation (20 points)

1. Translate tile following passage from Chinese into English (10 points)

历代的美德，几个世纪以来人类多年来原籍以为艺的故事，所有这些都可以从论著里面方便而又便宜的赢得。但是我才会懂得如何能用这份财宝，懂得如何才能使它对我们十分有益于.世界上十分差点的人，也就是那些从未体验过读用功之体验的人吧。

我对人十分很感兴趣,害羞结识他们，害羞理解他们。我交往的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之里面，然后表现在作品的实是，先前在我的想象里面重新显现出来。我在论著里面寻觅了新的朋友，新的全球化,还有新的语言。

把你的一其余部分只读岁月用来培育阅读用功的真爱好吧。真爱读论著的人从用功里面不但赢得体验，他们从里面赢得的那种精神食粮，从其他之外是很难赢得的。尽管他们未必思维地告诉他读论著是为了提高才华。在不经意里面，他们从论著里面吸取的知识积累起来，经过想象力的加工，对将来近十年不同之处。

2. Translate the following passage from English to Chinese (10 points)

Nature contains the elements, in color and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard contains the notes of all music.

But the artist is born to pick, and choose; and group with science, these elements, that dm result may be beautiful - as the musician gathers his notes, and forms his .chords, until he brings forth from chaos glorious harmony.

To say to the painter, that Nature is to be taken as she is, is to say to the player, that he may sit on the piano...

The dignity of the snow-capped mountain is lost in distinctness, but the joy of the tourist is to recognize the traveler on the top. Tile desire to see, for file sake of seeing, is, with the mass, alone the one to be gratified, hence the delight in detail.

Part Three Writing (15 points)

Directions: Write a composition of about 300 words based on the following:

The past 10 years has witnessed the unprecedented development of the Internet and the online world, which have already transformed the way most of us live. Please write a composition entitled “Is the Internet a blessing or curse for us?” What's your opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of tile internet? Do you think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages or the other way round? How to make the best use of the internet?

专业印度语其余部分（共50分）

Part Four Translation

Translate the following English into Chinese. (10 points)

Historically, economists have said that well-being is a simple function of income. However, it has bean found that once wealth reaches a subsistence level, its effectiveness as a generator of well-being is greatly diminished. This paradox has been referred to as the Easterlin paradox. This means that aspirations increase with income; after basic needs are met; relative rather than absolute income levels influence well-being. Happiness economists hope to change the way governments view well-being and how to most effectively govern and allocate resources given this paradox. However, other research suggests that no paradox exists, and happiness is linearly related to the logarithm of absolute (real, PPP-adjusted) income, with little or no relative income component.

Money correlates with happiness, but the rate diminishes with more money. In 2010, two economists found that higher earners generally reported better life satisfaction, but people's day-to-day emotional well-being only rose with earnings until a threshold annual income of $75,000. Other factors have been suggested as making people happier than money. One study, when corrected for social status, showed no correlation between income and happiness.

Part Five

Make some comments in English on Chinese Primer's promise to make people happier in his congress address. (5 points)

Part Six

汉译英：(10 points)

对于希望能用里面国大量成本低劳动力的国内外企业来说，多年来，里面国沿海产业里面心多年来是生产线基地的上上之选。然而，自今年5月份以来，里面国周边地区资方意见分歧突出增多，加之下同走强以及但政府介入遏制空气污染和生产能力供给，表明这种低成本的生产线模式已不再有利。

Part Seven

Read the following passage and answer the questions: (25 points)

The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations in 1994, and the establishment of the WTO in 1995 to provide the institutional support to the multilateral trade agreements, constituted a significant milestone in the evolution of the multilateral trading system. The principle of “single undertaking” bound all WTO members to all the results of the Uruguay Round negotiations (with the exception of plurilateral agreements), thereby reinforcing the fundamental principle of most-favored nation (MFN) treatment. With the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the strengthened multilateral trading system (MTS), there was an expectation that exceptions to multilateralism, such as regional trade agreements, even though legally covered by the WTO under certain conditions, would either become less of an alterative policy option for countries or will need to be adapted and conducted in such a manner as to become outward-oriented; not inward-looking, and has constitute building blocks for the new multilateralism ushered in by the WTO.

This objective has been continually emphasized in WTO Ministerial Declarations that reaffirm commitment to the supremacy of multilateralism while recognizing the important role that regional trade agreements (RTAs) can play. This is apparent from paragraph 4 in the Doha Declaration where WTO Members stressed their “commitment to the WTO as the unique forum for global trade rule-making and liberalization, while also recognizing that regional trade agreements can play an important role in promoting the liberalization and expansion of trade and in fostering development”. In the work programme adopted at Doha. WTO Members also agreed to negotiations aimed at clarifying and improving existing WTO provisions applying to RTAs while taking into account their developmental aspects (paragraph 29). Such “developmental aspects” are a concrete expression of the wider emphasis in the Doha Work Programme (DWP) on development issues, including implementation-related issues and concerns, special and differential treatment and technical assistance.

As recognized by these Declarations, the growth, expansion and deepening of regional trade agreements has been remarkable. Almost all countries in the world and virtually all WTO Members (the exception being Mongolia) today are party to, or are in the process of negotiating, at least one RTA. Thus, regionalism has become a policy option for most countries and is a permanent feature of the international trading environment for the foreseeable future.

A notable feature in the recent rise of regionalism is that countries that have traditionally favored the multilateral approach to trade liberalization, including Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, India and the Republic of Korea have joined the RTA bandwagon. The United States has also given more attention to concluding RTAs. A different composition of RTAs involving the widening of country coverage beyond the traditional regional zone has emerged. Significantly, RTAs have emerged between countries and entities in different regions/continents (e.g. EU-Mexico, EU-South Africa, US-Israel. Jordan, Morocco, Chile). In most cases, these agreements are bilateral in membership, concluded by two countries/entities, including the case of free trade agreements negotiated and concluded by the two distinct RTAs (e.g. EU-MERCOSUR under negotiation).

The expansion, widening and deepening of RTAs has resulted in, a situation whereby intra-RTA trade accounted for some 40 per cent of world trade (merchandise imports) in 2000 and will account for over 50 per cent in 2005. Furthermore, intra-RTA trade has been significant, or has become more important for RTA members. Thus, international trade flows are increasingly concentrated within regional groupings formed by large trading nations.

The qualitative dimension of RTAs in respect of coverage of policy areas has also evolved. Recent “new-generation” RTAs increasingly cover not only trade in goods, but also other “behind the border” regulatory areas, including trade in services, investment, competition policy, intellectual property rights, government procurement, labour, environment and development cooperation, thereby going beyond multilateral disciplines and liberalization commitments (“WTO-plus”). These are part and parcel of “deeper” integration efforts.

Developing countries are no exception to the process of expansion and reinvigoration of the RTAs. They have actively participated in regional trade agreements among themselves (South-South) and with developed countries (North-South). In addition to these subregional agreements, various bilateral preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have been launched among, or involving developing countries, often on an interregional basis.

Q1: What is WTO's stance toward regionalism? How is the development of regionalism in the world right now? (5 points)

Q2: Please briefly analyze the positive and negative effects of regionalism to developing countries. (10 points)

Q3: With the thriving of regionalism in the world, what do you think is the future of WTO's multilateral trading system (MTS)? (10 points)

弘博学习网————各类参加考试资讯全收录

……

完整资讯来源：弘博学习网

。

江西男科医院哪个好
成都甲状腺医院专家预约挂号
病人没胃口吃什么补品
成都看白癜风哪个医院好
上海妇科医院哪家治疗最好